There are multiple methods used for diagnosing esophageal cancer. In addition to endoscopy, X-rays, Computed Tomography (CT) scans, endoscopic ultrasound, barium swallow, and biopsy may be utilized to determine the presence and/or stage of the cancer. A barium swallow coats the inside of the esophagus such that any growths or irregularities are easier to identify in an X-ray. If any irregularities are seen, endoscopy with biopsy would need to be done to make the diagnosis and guide treatment.Treatment for esophageal cancer varies depending on the stage of the growth, size of the tumor, and overall health of the patient. In early stages (0-1), the cancer is still confined to the esophagus, in the middle (2-3), it may have spread to nearby lymph nodes and tissues, while in the latter (4), it has spread to distant lymph nodes and organs. Surgery is the most common method of treatment, and is most effective in the earlier stages. Surgeons remove the section of the esophagus containing the growth and then simply reconnect the remainder to the stomach. Additionally, traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, and electrocoagulation may be utilized.
